Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện là một chủ thể ngữ pháp khó đòi hỏi người học cần nắm vững các kiến thức cơ bản về các loại câu điều kiện.
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1. Lý thuyết đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
– Đảo ngữ là hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường của chủ ngữ và động từ trong câu để nhấn mạnh một thành phần hay ý nào đó trong câu.
– Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện được áp dụng cho mệnh đề “If” với các chữ “should” trong câu loại 1, “were” trong câu loại 2 và “had” trong câu loại 3.
– Các từ này được đảo lên trước chủ ngữ để thay thế cho “If”. Trong thực tế, ta thường thấy đảo ngữ ở câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 hơn là câu loại 1.
*Cấu trúc đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1
Khi chúng ta đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại 1 câu sẽ mang trạng thái lịch sự hơn, trang nhã hơn và thường là để đưa ra lời yêu cầu, nhờ vả.
| Mệnh đề IF | Mệnh đề chính |
| Should + S1 + (not)+ V (hiện tại) | S2 + will/may/might/should/can… + V (infinitive) |
| EX: Should you study hard | you will pass the exams |
*Cấu trúc đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2
– Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện với loại này lại có tác dụng làm cho giả thiết đặt ra trong câu nhẹ nhàng hơn, rất hữu ích để dùng khi người nói muốn đưa ra lời khuyên một cách lịch sự, tế nhị và làm giảm tính áp đặt.
– Nếu bạn đã nắm chắc công thức câu điều kiện loại 2 thì hẳn vẫn còn nhớ động từ tobe ở dạng này chỉ chia là “were” chứ không có was. Với đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2 cũng vậy, chúng ta chỉ sử dụng “were” bất kể ngôi đại từ là gì.
| Mệnh đề IF | Mệnh đề chính |
| Were + S1 + (not) + O | S2 + would/might/could… + V (infinitive) |
| EX: Were I a bird | I would fly |
*Cấu trúc đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3
– Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại này lại có phần công thức đơn giản nhất khi chúng ta chỉ việc đảo “Had” lên đầu câu và bỏ “If”. Cách đảo này giúp nhấn mạnh ý ở mệnh đề giả thiết hơn bình thường.
| Mệnh đề IF | Mệnh đề chính |
| Had + S1 + (not) + past participle | S2 + would/might/could… + have + past participle |
| EX: Had you not encouraged me | I would have given up |
2. Bài tập áp dụng
Exercise 1: Viết lại các câu sau với cấu trúc đảo ngữ bắt đầu bằng Only
1.He only thought about having a holiday abroad after he retired.
=> Only ………………………………………
2. I only realized how dangerous the situation had been when I got home.
=> Only ………………………………………
3. It wasn’t until last week that the Agriculture Minister admitted defeat.
=> Only ………………………………………
4. I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on the stage.
=> Only ………………………………………
5. They didn’t get round to business until they had finished eating.
=> Only ………………………………………
6. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.
=> Only ………………………………………
7. I didn’t realize who he was until later.
=> Only ………………………………………
8. The door could not be opened without using force.
=> Only ………………………………………
9. I won’t agree until Tom’s apologized.
=> Only ………………………………………
10.The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day.
=> Only ………………………………………
Exercise 2: Viết lại các câu sau với cấu trúc đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện
1. If the salary were high, the job would be worth doing.
=> Were ………………………………………
2. Would you visit me if I were sent to prison?
=> Were ………………………………………
3. I didn’t see the signal, so I didn’t stop.
=> Had ………………………………………
4. If I were rich, I could afford to buy an expensive car.
=> Were ………………………………………
5. If I were you, I would tell him the truth.
=> Were ………………………………………
6. If he weren’t busy right now, he could help them.
=> Were ………………………………………
7. If she had said sorry, he wouldn’t have been angry.
=> Had ………………………………………
8. If the computer hadn’t broken down and I wouldn’t have had to stop my work.
=> Had ………………………………………
9. If he hadn’t been angry, I would have said something.
=> Had ………………………………………
10. If his friends hadn’t been late, they wouldn’t have missed the train.
=> Had ………………………………………
Exercise 3: Viết lại các câu sau với cấu trúc đảo ngữ So/Such
1. The weather is so beautiful that we decided to go to the beach.
=> So ………………………………………
2. He is so strong that he can lift the box.
=> So ………………………………………
3. He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him.
=> Such ………………………………………
4. He ate so much food that he became ill.
=> So ………………………………………
5. It is such hot coffee that I can’t drink it.
=> Such ………………………………………
6. He bought so many books that he didn’t know where to put them.
=> So ………………………………………
7. She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
=> Such ………………………………………
8. This book is so boring that I couldn’t finish it.
=> So ………………………………………
9. He was such a fast speaker that we couldn’t understand him.
=> Such ………………………………………
10. She was so tired that she fell asleep in the armchair.
=> So ………………………………………
Exercise 4: Viết lại các câu sau với cấu trúc đảo ngữ của các câu điều kiện
1. If you need some more money, take an extra 200.
……………………………………………………..
2. If I were your father, I would insist you practice harder.
……………………………………………………..
3. If my girlfriend calls, please let me know right away.
……………………………………………………..
4. If I had thought of the right words, I would have told them what I was thinking!
……………………………………………………..
5. If I were a rich kid, I would not have to worry about anything.
……………………………………………………..
6. If they run out of tickets, we will have to go to another theater.
……………………………………………………..
7. If you change your mind, let us know.
……………………………………………………..
8. If you had known my mom, you would have thought she was crazy too
……………………………………………………..
9. If you had heard her singing, you would have laughed too.
……………………………………………………..
10. If I were a celebrity, I could buy any bag I want.
……………………………………………………..
Exercise 5: Sử dụng cấu trúc đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại 1, viết lại câu
1. If you study hard , you will passthe exams.
………………………………………………………………
2. If it rains , we won’t walk to the town.
………………………………………………………………
3. If he has a temperature, he will see the doctor.
………………………………………………………………
4. If my friends come, I will be very happy.
………………………………………………………………
5. If she earns a lot of money, she will fly to New York.
………………………………………………………………
ĐÁP ÁN
EX 1:
1. Only after he retired did he think about having a holiday abroad
2. Only when I got home did I realize how dangerous the situation had been.
3. Only until last week did the Agriculture Minister admit defeat
4. Only after seeing Hamlet on the stage did I understand it.
5. Only until they had finished eating did they get around to business.
6. Only after they had waited for 12 hours did their flight leave.
7. Only later did I realize who he was.
8. Only using force could the door be opened.
9. Only until Tom’s apologized will I agree.
10. Only by training hard every day can you become a good athlete.
EX 2:
1. Were the salary high, the job would be worth doing.
2. Were I sent to prison would you visit me?
3. Had I seen the signal I would have stopped.
4. Were I rich and I could afford to buy an expensive car.
5.Were I you, I would tell him the truth.
6. Were he not busy right now, he could help them.
7. Had she said sorry, he wouldn’t have been angry.
8. Had the computer not broken down and I wouldn’t have had to stop my work.
9. Had I he not been angry, I would have said something.
10. Had his friends not been late, they wouldn’t have missed the train.
EX 3:
1. So beautiful is the weather that we decided to go to the beach.
2.So strong is he that he can lift the box.
3. Such a lazy boy is he that no one likes him.
4. So much food did he eat that he became ill.
5. Such hot coffee is it that I can’t drink it.
6. So many books did he buy that he didn’t know where to put them.
7. Such a soft voice does she has that everyone likes her.
8. So boring is this book that I couldn’t finish it.
9. Such a fast speaker was he that we couldn’t understand him.
10. So tired was she that she fell asleep in the armchair.
EX 4:
1. Should you need some more money, take an extra 200.
2. Were I your father, I would insist you practice harder.
3. Should my girlfriend call, please let me know right away.
4. Had I thought of the right words, I would have told them what I was thinking!
5. Were I a rich kid, I would not have to worry about spending anything.
6. Should they run out of tickets, we will have to go to another theater.
7. Should you change your mind, let us know.
8. Had you known my mom, you would have thought he was crazy too.
9. Had you heard her singing, you would have laughed too.
10. Were I a celebrity, I could get buy any bag I want.
EX 5.
1. Should you study hard, you will pass the exams.
2. Should it rain, we won’t walk to the town.
3. Should he have a temperature, he will see the doctor
4. Should my friends come, I will be very happy
5. Should she earn a lot of money, she will fly to New York.
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